Learning Objectives:

• Understand the concept of parallel reactions in chemical kinetics, where multiple chemical reactions occur simultaneously.
• Learn how to calculate the overall rate of parallel reactions and the effect of individual reaction rates on the overall rate.
• Understand how to derive rate laws for parallel reactions and express the rate of consumption or production of reactants and products.

Parallel reaction: The reaction in which reactant get converted into both the products competitively and simultaneously.

Learning Objectives:

• Understand the definition of heterogeneous reactions and distinguish them from homogeneous reactions.
• Identify the different phases involved in heterogeneous reactions.

Heterogeneous reactions involve chemical reactions where reactants are in different phases (solid, liquid, gas). Common examples include gas-solid reactions (e.g., catalysis) and liquid-solid reactions (e.g., dissolution of a solid in a liquid).

The rate of heterogeneous reactions is often influenced by mass transfer limitations and the specific surface area of the reactants. Mass transfer resistance can occur at the interface between phases, affecting the overall reaction rate.

Learning Objectives:

• Differentiate between chemical and biological reactions.
• Explore microbial metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Understand the principles of fermentation and its applications in producing bio-based products.

Biological reactions are chemical processes that involve living organisms or biological components, such as enzymes or microorganisms.

• Fermentation: A metabolic process where microorganisms convert substrates like sugars into alcohol, organic acids, or gases.
• Bioremediation: The use of microorganisms to clean up or detoxify polluted environments, such as soil or water.
• Bioprocessing: The production of pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and chemicals using biological organisms or their components.
• Microbial Growth: Studying and controlling the growth of microorganisms for various purposes.

Learning Objectives:

• Understand the concept of series reactions in chemical kinetics, where multiple chemical reactions occur sequentially.
• Learn how to calculate the overall rate of a series reaction and the effect of individual reaction rates on the overall rate.
• Understand how to derive rate laws for series reactions and express the rate of consumption or production of reactants and products.

Series reaction: The reactant ‘A’ converted into product ‘R’ which in turns converted to product ‘S’ as follows
A > k1 R > k2 S the scheme is called series reactions.